For years, how tuberculosis (TB) came to be in the Americas was somewhat of a mystery. But in the 1990s, an anthropologist named Felipe Cárdenas-Arroyo discovered the bones from a collection of human vertebrae that held an answer to the mystery.
Although currently faced with much more than just disease, Ukraine is suffering from an HIV epidemic.
But it’s not just HIV that is infecting Ukrainians. With an estimated 240,000 cases of HIV-positive cases since 2021, the country is also battling tuberculosis (TB), having the highest rates of the disease in the world, according to Foreign Policy.
With both of these diseases infecting thousands of Ukrainians, it doesn’t help that they can be simultaneously present in a single patient. One of the leading causes of death for patients suffering from HIV is TB.
Shigella bacteria cause an infection called shigellosis and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) there are about 450,000 infections each year in the United States alone. In most cases, shigellosis, an inflammatory diarrhea, will clear up on its own without treatment. As XDR Shigella strains continue to grow, doctors are concerned about the future of Shigella infections.
Until the early 20th century, the transmission of malaria was unknown. Doctors would argue about what malaria was, what caused it, and how it spread, everything was up in the air about the disease. In 1897, Sir Ronald Ross dissected the stomach tissue of an anopheline mosquito that had previously fed on a malaria patient. Ross found the malaria parasite and went on to prove to the scientific community and everyone else that mosquitoes were the real culprits for transmitting malaria. However, before this, the late 1800s were full of doctors claiming absurd things regarding malaria.
Pharyngitis occurs when the mucous membranes that line the back of the throat (pharynx) become inflamed. Pharyngitis is the medical term for sore throat and is a common condition that hardly causes significant concern. Typical symptoms of pharyngitis include difficulty swallowing, fever, stomach pain, and dryness. Viral pharyngitis often clears up on its own within a week or so. However, knowing the cause of pharyngitis can help someone determine which treatment options are best for them.
